Moral
Development
- Urie Brofenbrenner proposed five moral orientations, based off an individual context rather than stage
1. Self- oriented morality
2. Authority-oriented
3. Peer-oriented morality
4. Collective-oriented morality
5. Objectively-oriented morality
- Movement between orientations 2, 3, and 4 are related to the role religion, obedience to an authority, and peers play in an individual’s culture.
- Movement between orientations 2, 3, 4, or 5 occurs when an individual is exposed to values which conflict with his or her own.
- Movement in the first four orientations involves situations where concern for others takes precedence over concern for self.
- At any time in a person’s life, adverse events may cause the individual to move to self-oriented morality as a matter of self-preservation
Women’s development
- Jean baker miller believed that studying women’s psychological development opened up paths to better understand all of psychology male or female
-Large part of women’s lives is active participation in the development of others
-Women often try to integrate with others in a way that would foster their development along many dimensions
1. Emotionally
2. Intellectually
3. Socially
- Women must maintain their competency in relationships as well as be self-motivated
- Through increased self-determination, coupled with developed relationship skills many
- Herriet Lerner said:
1. In The Dance of Intimacy, that women must bring a strong, assertive, independent, and authentic self to a relationship.
2. Competent relationships are those in which the separate “I-ness” of both persons can be appreciated and enhanced while still staying emotionally connected
- Women are more relationship oriented then men, the relationship orientation should be prized as a skill in culture more than it is
-Critics may relationship theories are to stereotypical and that there is greater variation in the relationship styles of men and women
Gender and Communication
- Deborah Tannen in 1990 analyzed talk between men and women, she found that women’s common complaints were about the lack of communication
1. High on women’s reason for divorce
2. Not mentioned as much as men
- Rapport talk = the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships
- Report talk = public speaking, men feel more comfortable doing
- Men hold centre stage through things like storytelling, joking or imparting information
- Men use talking as a way of getting and keeping attention
- Women enjoy private speaking more
1. Talk involving similarities and matching experiences
- Men’s lack of interest in rapport talk is what bothers many women so much
- Research supports Tannen’s gender differences
1. Study done where students could identify the email writer’s gender 2/3 of the time (Thompson & Murachver, 2001)
2. Women make 63% of phone calls
(Smoreda & Lieoppe, 2000)
- recent meta-analysis suggests that overall gender differences in communication are small in children and adults (Hyde,2005; Leaper & Smith 2004)
Men’s development
- Joseph Pleck’s (1995) role-strain view, male roles are contradictory and inconsistent
- Men not only experience stress when they violate men’s roles, they also are when they do not act in accord with men’s roles (Levant,2002; Levant & Brooks, 1997)
- Areas in men’s roles cause considerable strain
1. Health
2. Male-female relationships
3. Male-male relationships
- According to Ron Levant (1995) reconstructing masculinity in more positivity way includes
1. Re-examining his beliefs about manhood
2. Separate out the valuable aspects of the male role
3. Get rid of those parts of the masculine role that are destructive
4. All involves becoming more “emotionally intelligent”
a. Emotionally self-aware
b. Managing emotions more effectively
c. Reading, one’s own and others, emotions better
d. Being motivated to I prove close relationships
- Terrence Real says the socialization of boy babies to hide their emotions starts at, or perhaps even before, birth.
- They internalize their “unmanly” feelings which restricts or limits the transition from childhood to adulthood
1. Inadequacy
2. Doubt
3. Confusion
- Western culture teaches boys to repudiate their “feminine” side so they aren’t seen as weak
1. Media images support this view
a) Compounding the silencing of the relational, emotional and feminine nature in boys
- Reputation creates additional problems for boys particularly those with abusive or emotionally unavailable fathers
- Typical male problems;
1. Avoidance of intimacy
2. Workaholism
3. Alcoholism
4. Abusive behaviour
5. Rage
- Real believes these behaviours are an attempt to mask depression are passed on from men to their male children (Real, 1997)
- Approx 80% of north american men are mildly or severely unable to express their feelings (Ron Levant, 2002)
- Such emotional numbing is linked to depression
- Boys and young men are more likely to externalize their depression by engaging in risk behaviours twice as frequently as women
- Women are more likely to blame themselves and pull pain inwards, to be compliant rather than disruptive, as they were raised.
- Twice as many men as women;
1. Take drugs
2. Gamble
3. Drink excessively
- Men are more likely to equate their earning power, material possessions and other outward signs of success and emotional wellbeing than are women (Real, 1997)
- Urie Brofenbrenner proposed five moral orientations, based off an individual context rather than stage
1. Self- oriented morality
2. Authority-oriented
3. Peer-oriented morality
4. Collective-oriented morality
5. Objectively-oriented morality
- Movement between orientations 2, 3, and 4 are related to the role religion, obedience to an authority, and peers play in an individual’s culture.
- Movement between orientations 2, 3, 4, or 5 occurs when an individual is exposed to values which conflict with his or her own.
- Movement in the first four orientations involves situations where concern for others takes precedence over concern for self.
- At any time in a person’s life, adverse events may cause the individual to move to self-oriented morality as a matter of self-preservation
Women’s development
- Jean baker miller believed that studying women’s psychological development opened up paths to better understand all of psychology male or female
-Large part of women’s lives is active participation in the development of others
-Women often try to integrate with others in a way that would foster their development along many dimensions
1. Emotionally
2. Intellectually
3. Socially
- Women must maintain their competency in relationships as well as be self-motivated
- Through increased self-determination, coupled with developed relationship skills many
- Herriet Lerner said:
1. In The Dance of Intimacy, that women must bring a strong, assertive, independent, and authentic self to a relationship.
2. Competent relationships are those in which the separate “I-ness” of both persons can be appreciated and enhanced while still staying emotionally connected
- Women are more relationship oriented then men, the relationship orientation should be prized as a skill in culture more than it is
-Critics may relationship theories are to stereotypical and that there is greater variation in the relationship styles of men and women
Gender and Communication
- Deborah Tannen in 1990 analyzed talk between men and women, she found that women’s common complaints were about the lack of communication
1. High on women’s reason for divorce
2. Not mentioned as much as men
- Rapport talk = the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships
- Report talk = public speaking, men feel more comfortable doing
- Men hold centre stage through things like storytelling, joking or imparting information
- Men use talking as a way of getting and keeping attention
- Women enjoy private speaking more
1. Talk involving similarities and matching experiences
- Men’s lack of interest in rapport talk is what bothers many women so much
- Research supports Tannen’s gender differences
1. Study done where students could identify the email writer’s gender 2/3 of the time (Thompson & Murachver, 2001)
2. Women make 63% of phone calls
(Smoreda & Lieoppe, 2000)
- recent meta-analysis suggests that overall gender differences in communication are small in children and adults (Hyde,2005; Leaper & Smith 2004)
Men’s development
- Joseph Pleck’s (1995) role-strain view, male roles are contradictory and inconsistent
- Men not only experience stress when they violate men’s roles, they also are when they do not act in accord with men’s roles (Levant,2002; Levant & Brooks, 1997)
- Areas in men’s roles cause considerable strain
1. Health
2. Male-female relationships
3. Male-male relationships
- According to Ron Levant (1995) reconstructing masculinity in more positivity way includes
1. Re-examining his beliefs about manhood
2. Separate out the valuable aspects of the male role
3. Get rid of those parts of the masculine role that are destructive
4. All involves becoming more “emotionally intelligent”
a. Emotionally self-aware
b. Managing emotions more effectively
c. Reading, one’s own and others, emotions better
d. Being motivated to I prove close relationships
- Terrence Real says the socialization of boy babies to hide their emotions starts at, or perhaps even before, birth.
- They internalize their “unmanly” feelings which restricts or limits the transition from childhood to adulthood
1. Inadequacy
2. Doubt
3. Confusion
- Western culture teaches boys to repudiate their “feminine” side so they aren’t seen as weak
1. Media images support this view
a) Compounding the silencing of the relational, emotional and feminine nature in boys
- Reputation creates additional problems for boys particularly those with abusive or emotionally unavailable fathers
- Typical male problems;
1. Avoidance of intimacy
2. Workaholism
3. Alcoholism
4. Abusive behaviour
5. Rage
- Real believes these behaviours are an attempt to mask depression are passed on from men to their male children (Real, 1997)
- Approx 80% of north american men are mildly or severely unable to express their feelings (Ron Levant, 2002)
- Such emotional numbing is linked to depression
- Boys and young men are more likely to externalize their depression by engaging in risk behaviours twice as frequently as women
- Women are more likely to blame themselves and pull pain inwards, to be compliant rather than disruptive, as they were raised.
- Twice as many men as women;
1. Take drugs
2. Gamble
3. Drink excessively
- Men are more likely to equate their earning power, material possessions and other outward signs of success and emotional wellbeing than are women (Real, 1997)